An Examination of the History, Development, and Uses of the Beck Depression Inventory

An Examination of the History, Development, and Uses of the Beck Depression Inventory Maya A. Butler Richmont Graduate University Dr. Aaron Beck is a psychiatrist widely known for developing the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); a self-assessment instrument used to assess the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. During his work, Beck highlighted the negative thoughts experienced by his patients, and believed it was these thoughts that caused depression within them.From here, Beck developed a three-part thought process that exhibited how a person’s negative view of the world, their future, and themselves affected their depression level (Brown, Hammond, Craske, & Wickens, 1995). These components were used to construct what we have come to know as the Beck Depression Inventory. Throughout test development of the BDI, three separate instruments were created: the BDI, BDI-IA, and BDI-II.The first BDI was developed in 1961 by Aaron Beck, Clyde Ward, Myer Mendelson, John Mock, and John Erbaugh. It could be administered individually or in a group format, in written or oral form, and the test manual indicated total administration time to be no more than 15 minutes, irrespective of the mode of administration (Carlson, p. 117-118). It consisted of twenty-one questions that measured the patient’s feelings within the past week. Each question had four possible answer choices that ranged in depression intensity.In order to score the test, a value between zero and three was assigned to each answer, added, and compared to a key in order to determine the patient’s depression severity. Scores from the BDI could range from 0 to 63, and higher scores indicated severer depression symptoms. Some of the answer items on the BDI had identical numerical value to them, though the statements were not identical. This led to revision of the BDI and introduction of the BDI-IA (Beck, Steer, and Garbin, 1988). The BDI-IA was developed in 1971 by Beck and copyrig hted in 1978.In order to make the test more user-friendly and efficient in measuring depression, similar answer items with identical scoring on a question were removed, and test subjects were asked to evaluate their feelings for a time frame of two weeks instead of one (Beck, Steel, Ball, and Ranieri, 1996). Using the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of reliability, it was determined the BDI-IA reliability was around 0. 85, suggesting that items on the BDI-IA are highly correlated with one another (Ambrosini, Metz, Bianchi, Rabinovich, and Undie, 1991).However, one of the main problems with this instrument was its inability to address all nine criteria for depression in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-III (DSM-III). In response to this, the BDI-II was developed. In 1996, the BDI-II was introduced; mainly due to the release of revised criteria for Major Depressive Disorder in the DSM-IV in 1994. Some of the changes made to the BDI-II were the replacement of items that measured changes in body image, work difficulty, and hypochondria.In addition to this, items that measured sleep loss and appetite loss were changed to examine increases and decreases in both sleep and appetite. The entire question wording was changed on the BDI-II except questions used to measure sexual interest, suicidal thoughts, and questions dealing with feelings of being punished. In addition to this, the measuring scale used to evaluate the total points from the BDI-II was changed. When compared with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Pearson correlation coefficient between this test and the BDI-II was 0. 1, which proves both instruments agree with one another (Beck, Steel, Ball, and Ranieri, 1996). In addition to this, the BDI-II has a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0. 92, surpassing its predecessor the BDI. In addition to improving the relation between its instrument items, the BDI-II can be scored and interpreted via computer software. The BDI- II has expanded well beyond its original intended application with psychiatric populations. In addition to its continued use among this population, it is accepted and commonly used by clinicians as a screening instrument among normal populations (Carlson, p. 17). Because it is designed to reflect the depth of depression, it can be used to monitor changes over time, and objectively measure the likelihood of improvement and the effectiveness of treatment methods (Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock, and Erbaugh, 1961). The facts stand that the BDI-II is a simple measure that encompasses the majority of symptoms associated with depression, is easily and rapidly administered, and can be scored and interpreted via computer software. However, it is only a quality instrument when it is used in samples with cooperative subjects; not exaggerated or minimized by the erson completing the instrument (Waller, p. 121). In cases where a person could be motivated to deceive or malinger, the administrator i s advised to use additional or less transparent means of assessment (Carlson, p. 119). In addition to this, the intent and purpose for using the BDI-II is for assessment and not diagnosis. Improper use of this assessment for diagnosing can create falsely positive or negative results. References Ambrosini PJ, Metz C, Bianchi MD, Rabinovich H, Undie A (January 1991). â€Å"Concurrent validity and psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory in outpatient adolescents†.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 30 (1): 51–7. doi:10. 1097/00004583-199101000-00008. PMID 2005064. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sites/entrez. Beck AT, Steer RA, Ball R, Ranieri W (December 1996). â€Å"Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients†. Journal of Personality Assessment 67 (3): 588–97. doi:10. 1207/s15327752jpa6703_13. PMID 8991972. http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/sites/entrez. Beck AT, Steer RA, G arbin MG J (1988). â€Å"Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory Twenty-five years of evaluation†. Clin. Psych. Review 8: 77-100.Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (June 1961). â€Å"An inventory for measuring depression†. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 4 (6): 561–71. doi:10. 1001/archpsyc. 1961. 01710120031004. PMID 13688369. Brown GP, Hammen CL, Craske MG, Wickens TD (August 1995). â€Å"Dimensions of dysfunctional attitudes as vulnerabilities to depressive symptoms†. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104 (3): 431–5. doi:10. 1037/0021-843X. 104. 3. 431. PMID 7673566. http://content. apa. org/journals/abn/104/3/431. (2012, 10). Beck Depression Inventory. StudyMode. com. Retrieved 10, 2012, from http://www. studymode. com/essays/Beck-Depression-Inventory-617021. html

Perceptions of health risk and smoking habit in young people

Young people are also more likely to start mocking If their friends or family are smokers. The present study Is a quantitative research with young adult smokers (at the xx Learning Centre) based on focus group discussions where a range of smoking-related topics were covered. 2. Sample The sample in this study included 6 males and 4 females, aged between 13 and 17 years, 7 smokers and 2 non-smokers. Of this group of adolescents only 2 parents are non-smokers.My aim was to maximize variation in our sample to include young men and women, smokers and non-smokers, and different age categories. My discourse analytic perspective here concentrates on talk between speakers and allows me to highlight how meanings around smoking and health are worked up. Debated and disputed in the group. Informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the Focus group interview (Appendix A and B). The focus group took place in the â€Å"Unanimous† Learning Centre.For anonymity reasons the na me of the participants have been changed. 3. Procedure In this study we used two focus groups of five participants each. Focus groups mimic ‘natural' peer groups, so that the data will likely be authentic, rich and Informative. Focus groups have long been used In social science research, Including psychology (Crossly, 2000; Wilkinson, 2003), and can be particularly useful in identifying both diverse individual accounts and prevailing social factors which influence and constrain actions.In the context of young people and smoking, focus group research allows us to gain access to the multiplicity of perspectives presented and will also illuminate how accounts are constructed and negotiated within peer groups. Participants were given a number of prompts about their views on smoking, such as Please tell me why you believe you started smoking' and ‘Please tell me what role you believe smoking/not smoking plays in your life'. Participants were encouraged to discuss these views among themselves, with minimal input from the facilitator.The discussion, which lasted around forty minute for each group, was recorded and then transcribed verbatim. 4. Analysis Health was generally not cited as a major concern for our young people, and was not participants seemed much more concerned with the financial burden engendered by smoking. When the topic of health risks was brought up, there was a general tendency o downplay or discount these. Moreover, it was claimed that smoking could function effectively as a form of stress relief, even when the stress is engendered by exposure to smoking-related health scares, either in the media or within families.The two discursive patterns are formulated as follows: ‘ Everything is bad for you now: Contesting smoking-related health risks ‘It does make you feel better': Smoking as stress-relief 4. 1 . ‘Everything is bad for you now: Contesting smoking-related health risks Contesting smoking-related health risks ario so strategies were deployed which endured the health risks linked to smoking as exaggerated, a ploy which clearly works to rationalist and uphold current smoking – a way of misusing the self from the specter of illness and mortality.For example, other mundane practices are cited which involve risk, and life itself is presented as saturated with risk: Nicola – Mimi like to think yourself that you're not going to get cancer, I mean, they're saying that cancer is caused by all these different things 0 1 mean who's to say that smoking is definitely the worst one? † In this excerpt there is some recognition of risk but then other organogenesis are alluded to and the dedicated link between smoking and cancer is undermined (Whoso to say? ).Thus, smoking is construed as nothing special, Just one of any number of possible causes of cancer (so many things'), and therefore not worthy of disproportionate attention. E. Generalizes the notion of risk – ‘everything is bad for you now – so that living per SE becomes inured with risk, something that affects ‘everyone'. Note the extreme case formulations which litter this extract: ‘ all these different things'; ‘So, smoking is part of life and is practiced with care. Facilitator: So, are health concerns an issue? Simon: Well, yeah.Not really, I suppose, because sometimes you feel like crap because your lungs are hurting, because you've been caning it all weekend, but you think, well you might give up smoking, give up drinking, give up anything – and then get knocked down by a bus, but 0 if you're going to stop everything that you enjoy, well what's the point of living forever? You know what I mean? Aaron: But don't you, sometimes you Just think Well, what's the point of it? You're Just breathing in horrible smoke into your body Simon: It's like what's the point of drinking? It's fun!The health risks of smoking are conceded, with reference to current, minor symptom s. However, smoking is likened to other pleasurable activities (e. G. ‘drinking') and anything/'everything you enjoy so that living is defined in terms of enjoyment over risk, the emphasis is on fun' and not denying oneself gratification – even if it means a shorter life-span or inhaling ‘horrible smoke'. Bob: A guy, a guy I went to school with was cross country champion for our county, and he used to smoke like twenty a day [laughs] He used to smoke loads of weed and that, and he used to run for ages [laughs] (.You see someone like that, it's Just like, whoa! So, citing cases, where smoking has not impeded sporting performance, undermines claims about the deleterious health consequences of smoking and helps Justify continued smoking. The case of the cross-country champion cited by Bob is also interesting because impressive, and further contesting the connection between smoking and not being healthy. Lucas I knew somebody who used to smoke ten a day when they were about eighty-odd and have a glass of brandy every day 0 and when they got put in a nursing home they took it all off her and within weeks she were dead.Tara: It's like alcoholics, isn't it? If alcoholics stopped drinking they do seem to die. In this extract, the dangers of stopping smoking are emphasizes, thereby inverting the ‘normalizing about taking up or continuing smoking. Facilitator: What are the health worries you might have about smoking? Bob: Cancer David: None, ‘coos I know a guy that lived until he was 23 and Just dropped dead. He didn't smoke and didn't drink. You know, the way I see it, you only live once – you might as well do it, haven't you.Here Bobby's immediate response concerning health fears is not taken up as the others proceed to reject this pre-occupation. David immediately invokes the case of a non-smoker who died suddenly as a means of challenging the link between smoking and ill-health. The randomness of life then becomes a key theme, w hich again works to rationalist current smoking. As one participant put it: ‘it Just shows that you're having a good time, you know, drinking and having a cigarette, and it Just kind of ties in together' (Kate).Here, smoking (and drinking) is inextricably tied to enjoyment, an automatic indicator of ‘good times'. 4. 2. ‘It does make you feel better': Smoking as stress-relief A very predominant theme cross all discussions was the benefits of smoking in terms of stress relief, arising from various sources: Tara: It does make you feel better when you've been sat there and you've Just been in class, and you Just think ‘Oh, I'm going to go for a bag, and you go down and you have it, it does give you some kind of buzz, because it does definitely chill you out a bit, doesn't it.Rachel: It gives me a couple of minutes and just chills me out, like if something that had upset me, like my family, Vie been thrown out of my house and that's the reason why I started smokin g a lot more because of more stress and stuff. I do think that having a cigarette makes me relax a bit. Tara: At the moment I don't want to [stop smoking] because I do see smoking as helping me chill out a bit – I mean, if I didn't I'd be a tiger! Rachel: Vie actually been told by my doctor not to stop smoking – he says its got anger management, it calms me down.Both participants point to the grim consequences of not smoking I. E. Uncontaminated irritability. Earache's claim is warranted with reference to an authoritative source (a medic), which is culturally garnished with expertise. Rachel: Yes, that's the reason I first started smoking again, because I'd stopped smoking for so Eng and my dad gave up smoking, and my dad's been smoking since he was twelve, and he stopped for six month and then he had a heart attack.You would expect that to make me think ‘Right, need to stop smoking, or whatever, but straight away I went ‘Mum, give us a bag, because I hones tly didn't know what to do and I needed something to concentrate on – it gives you something to think about other than what's going on around you. In summary, smoking is popularly constructed as a positive resource in times of stress, whether provoked by , arguments with friends and family, school, and paradoxically , exposure to smoking-related disease within families. 5.Conclusions smokers since, from the focus groups shows that smoking is understood as a rational choice (rather than, say, addiction) conferring benefits (stress relief, enjoyment). This finding is in line with other research on ‘alternative rationalities' (Crossly, 2000) with adult smokers. However we should take in consideration that the qualitative research literature on smoking deploys a range of methods while in this study we analyze the young people smoking practices within a social (focus group) context.Smoking is explicitly linked to pleasure and relaxation (often tied to drinking contexts †“ see also Johnson et al. , 2000). Our participants also link other lifestyle practices to risk and they see life itself as a risk where preoccupation with smoking-related or any other problems is deemed excessive and paralyzing. To some extent, it is fair to say that our sample construed risky smoking as necessary to cope with their family/friends/ environment pressure. Overall our analysis points to the various ways in which the young smokers skillfully deflect the concerns of a health-conscious culture.It gaslights how, in a period of increasing pressure on smokers to quit, the young people in our focus group have created a series of complex and creative accounts to defend and preserve what is clearly perceived as an important social practice. Surely our young smokers are expressing ‘unrealistic optimism' (Weinstein, 1984), that is ‘inaccurate' perceptions of risk and susceptibility in relation to smoking and illness. For example some participants claimed that major health problems have not yet appeared (e. G. Current health is emphasizes) and that illness can be avoided by individual action (I. E. Tinting smoking in the near future). By contrast, psychosocial research, which conceptualizes smokers' talk, helps us to appreciate how smoking is rationalized within relevant social groups (in this case young adults in educational settings), as well as highlighting the creativity and sophistication of lay accounts. In turn, attention to the grounded discourse of smokers may well help inform more effective health promotion interventions (Crossly, 2000). To build on the current analysis, future work could include ‘street' interviews with young smokers in the public places where smoking is popularly practiced (e. Designated smoking areas at university, in pubs). This ‘live' context might prove especially illuminating in terms of the discourses reproduced with respect to how smoking is defended while people are engaged in the act of smoking . As well, it would be informative to examine patterns of naturally occurring conversation between young adult smokers where they gather. Such research would complement our focus group study by determining when and how health is introduced as a concern by younger people themselves and examining how such concerns are negotiated.

Invention and History of the Colt Revolver

The U.S. inventor and industrialist Samuel Colt (1814–1862) is generally credited with the invention of the first revolver, a firearm named after its inventor Colt, and after its revolving cylinder revolver. On Feb. 25, 1836, Colt was granted a U.S. patent for the Colt revolver, which was equipped with a revolving cylinder containing five or six bullets and an innovative cocking device. The Colt was not the first revolver, but it was the first cartridge revolver to be officially adopted by the U.S. Army, and it kept its monopoly until the single action system was superseded. The Percussion Cap The rifle was the first firearm adopted into the American military during the Revolutionary War, thought to have been invented in the 15th century by Gaspard ZÃ ¶llner or Zeller of Nuremberg, Germany. It was Zollner who first cut spiral grooves in the barrels of guns. The rifle was perfected by unnamed Pennsylvanian gunsmiths, who incorporated several modifications based on the suggestions of the pioneers. The hand-held revolver could not have been developed until a stable firing mechanism had been invented, a process which was developed for the rifle first. Early rifles were made as needed by frontiersmen. The rifles were fired using a match lock, in which a lighted match—or a fairly clumsy set of mechanics involving a burning fuse—was applied to a small pan of explosive powder. A wheel lock rotated a flint to strike steel and create sparks to light the powder. A flint lock—a three-part mechanism which included a hammer holding the flint, a frizzen or steel, and the pan of powder—was the next development. These essential details of the American rifle were perfected before 1740, and as colonial expansion headed westward, the rifle makers moved with them. About 1820, the percussion-cap—an open-ended cylinder of copper or brass holding a small amount of explosive material that is ignited by a hammer released by the trigger—was invented, a technology that made the frontier rifle makers obsolete. Colt and His Revolver The earliest flintlock hand-held pistols which were in use by when Samuel Colt became interested had one or two barrels. Elisha Collier (1788–1856) invented a self-priming revolver in 1818, and Colt always credited Cook as a precursor. Colts early life included a variety of jobs, one of which was as a sailor, and on a voyage to Calcutta, he invented a hand-held firearm which featured a six-chambered revolving barrel loaded with percussion caps. He improved his original form with a rotating breech. When he returned from his voyage in 1832, he began building guns using gunsmiths and continued to refine the technology. In 1836, with a patent in hand protecting his monopoly until 1857, he began manufacturing under the name of the Patent Arms Manufacturing Company, with foundries in Hartford, Connecticut and London, England. Smith and Wesson Colt was a bit of a patent troll to an extent, and he sued or harassed scores of imitators who copied his work. That didnt stop various gun makers from further inventions. U.S. gun makers Horace Smith (1808–1893) and Daniel Wesson (1825–1906) formed their second partnership (as Smith and Wesson) in 1856 to develop and manufacture a revolver chambered for self-contained metallic cartridges. During this development period, while researching existing patents, they discovered that Rollin White (1817–1892), a gunsmith associated with Colt, had patented a bored -through cylinder for a paper cartridge in 1855. White had brought his idea to Colt who dismissed the idea out of hand. But a licensing agreement was arranged between Smith and Wesson and White. Whites patent covered a revolver cylinder bored end to end, a highly popular improvement that was not added to Colts revolvers, which used cap-and-ball technology, until the Smith Wesson patent expired around 1869. Other gun makers were not so particular, and Smith Wesson found themselves also in an endless round of litigation surrounding copyright infringement. Eventually, several US makers were required to mark Made for SW or words to that effect on their revolvers. Sources and Further Reading Depew, Chauncey Mitchell. Firearms. One Hundred Years of American Commerce. Ed. Depew, Chauncey Mitchell. New York: D. O. Haynes, 1895. 665.Parsons, John E. The Peacemaker and Its Rivals: An Account of the Single Action Colt. New York: Skyhorse Publications, 2014.Kendall, Arthur Isaac. Rifle Making in the Great Smokies. The Regional Review 6.12 (1941).

Jane Austen s The Lighthouse By Virginia Woolf And Pride...

People imprint themselves on their surroundings; they inject fleeting moments into the veins of their environments, boiling the blood that swims hot through every crevice, echoing and lingering indefinitely. According to Wisker houses are the principal locations where the presence of its residents leave lasting imprints on the structure (2011, 4). Novels To The Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf and Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen both use domestic environments as important sites to emphasise and reflect their characters by deploying the literary techniques of language and style from their respective eras. Woolf as a Modernist writer from the early twentieth century uses experimental techniques and the supernatural genre that was prevalent†¦show more content†¦The Ramsey Summer House remains abandoned during those ten years, decaying slowly, groaning and weeping as it remembers the tenants it once possessed and the movements they made â€Å"how once hands were busy with hooks and buttons; how once the looking-glass had held a face; had held a world hollowed out in which a figure turned, a hand flashed, the door opened, in came children rushing and tumbling; and went out again† (Woolf 1927, 339). The house bore witness to every breath and every argument; it absorbed fluttering eyelashes, clapped hands, and footsteps; drowned in laughter and in tears; the house was enraptured by the Ramsey’s and remembers them fondly as their images haunt its halls (Wisker 2011, 6). Each moment the Ramsey’s spent in the house becomes infinite in its memory as the house has absorbed every second they existed there from all perspective imaginable (Hunter 2004, 32). The House asks â€Å"will you fade? Will you perish?† (Woolf 1927, 339) as it deteriorates, questing the memories that resonate and pulsate through its corridors as well as its mortality. Animals and plants brought life to the stagnant house once again, morphing into the memory of the Ramsey’s as they nestled amongst their abandoned possessions (Woolf 1927, 345). Mrs McNab reappears to restoreShow MoreRelatedPride And Prejudice By Elizabeth Bennet979 Words   |  4 PagesThe main characters of Pride and Prejudice and To The Lighthouse are women with a different kind of mind set than the rest of the characters. Elizabeth Bennet, in Pride and Prejudice, cares about her happiness, good-manners of people, virtues, and believes she can choose a man without being impressed by his wealth or title; practically going against women at the time. Then Lily Briscoe, in To The Lighthouse, is an uncommon woman in the novel because she doesn’t regard society, is unattached to family

Analysis Of The Book If The Chronicles Of Narnia

If The Chronicles of Narnia is read in chronological order, C.S. Lewis introduces Polly Plummer as his first main female character in The Magician’s Nephew. However, the title indicates this story is not about her; it is about Digory, the magician’s nephew. She explores and travels with Digory as his friend, but her involvement in the story is mainly seen through her impact on Digory’s perspective and decisions. Nevertheless, by the same feminist ideology that declares each person prove her own merit, the strength of Polly’s characterization should be measured on its own. To suggest, as Susan Henthrone does in â€Å"The Image of Woman in the Fiction of C.S. Lewis,† that Polly’s role as a supporting character means that she is not a strong character is to do a disservice to her distinctive characterization. Digory’s indignation at Uncle Andrew’s sexist manipulations and comments serves to undermine the conception that Lewis, as a narrator, undervalues Polly simply because of her gender. To get Digory to go to what he calls the â€Å"Other World,† Uncle Andrew tricks Polly into putting on the green ring that will transport her without giving her the ring that would bring her back. It would be easy to assume, from Digory’s initial condemnation of Andrew in the exclamation that he â€Å"behaved like a coward, sending a girl into a place you’re afraid to go yourself† (Lewis, 25), that Lewis implies that Polly’s gender, and some inherent weakness therein, makes Andrew’s trickery trulyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Book The Chronicles Of Narnia 1693 Words   |  7 PagesKendall Childers Dr. Sagerson ENGL 1302 September 14, 2015 Noble Act Andrew Anderson’s film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch, The Wardrobe starts off with four siblings who are escaping from the air strikes of World War II. The children escape to an old man’s mansion where they find a wardrobe that has a magical doorway to a mystical land called Narnia. 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Away By Kristi Hewitt Essay Example For Students

Away By Kristi Hewitt Essay Throughout Away many characters go through changes, Gwen changes from a nagging housewife into a sympathetic and more balanced individual. Roy goes from being very insecure about life to knowing how to deal with his problems and live life as it comes. Coral, is also very insecure about life after the death of her son, she is longing for attention and doesnt know how to be around people. By the end of the play she is at least trying to be social and be around people. At the beginning of the play Gwen is a nagging housewife. She is always right, well she thinks she is anyway. She changes into a more sympathetic and balanced individual. Vic has showed her to put love, not possessions and status, first. She was obsessed with orderliness and comfort because of her deprived childhood. This has ruined her relationships with her husband and Daughter. Towards the end of the play Gwen hears of Toms illness Leukemia this turns her towards more humane and fitting values. Gwen at the Beginning: Act 2 Scene 2 Well do you think theyll pack themselves? Do you think holidays happen on their own? to Gwen at the end: Act 4 Scene 1 What do you think of me? You must hate me? Why do you still bother? Roy goes from being in complete denial as he lost his son in the Vietnam War to being a little more caring and understanding toward others. He doesnt talk to his wife Coral very much except to patronize her and give her lectures aboutsnapping out of it his insensitivity extends Coral Grief period beyond what it need be. He threatens her with Electro-compulsive therapy a physical horror to follow her mental one. This forces Coral into total isolation and to run away. By the end of the play Roy is seeking for forgiveness, as well as love and reconciliation from Coral. When he kisses her hands. Roy at the Beginning: Act1 Scene 3 I thought I told you to stay in the car! to Roy at the end: Act 3 Scene 3 Coral? Sweetheart? Come back to the party. Coral was deep in grief at the beginning of the play, her worldview was distorted by the pain she can not escape. Her husband Roy is of little help, so she turned to others in hope of their willingness to help. The substitute son Rick and to some extent Tom. The play The stranger on the shore helps express her predicament and the taking of belief in life that she has found. In the end she is finally reunited with Roy and this changes her life. She begins to over her grief and live life as it comes. Coral at the start: Act 2 Scene 3 I dont ignore anyone. To Coral at the end: Act 3 Scene 3 I like to talk. Everyone goes through changes thoughout their lives some are noticeable and some are not so noticeable. Some  changes are drastic and some are only minor. You can never know when someone will change it just happens. We all change at different stages of our lives.

The Drastic Changes of Vietnamese Music Essay Example For Students

The Drastic Changes of Vietnamese Music Essay The Drastic Changes of Vietnamese Music Music plays an important role in the spiritual life of man in Vietnam. Vietnamese music, also known as V-Pop, in the early ass decade was loved by so many music listeners in the country and therefore achieved a certain foothold in the hearts of those that were Vietnamese musics lovers at that time. However, there are significant elements that make the current V-Pop drastically change, especially the nuances of the lyrics, the current singers quality, and the value of musical products. While the Vietnamese culture among young people is getting more open and modern than it used to be, the lyrics of most Vietnamese songs nowadays tend to have a nuance inclined towards the pessimistic view of love. Music means so much to the life of human soul since it makes people susceptible towards the aesthetic value of life. But now, many of the Vietnamese love songs usually have the lyrics written about a sad love story to make most of listeners feel pessimistic, and even depressed. Path Unguent, my older brother, told me that he seemed to easily sympathetic toward hose sad songs Just like they talked about his own love story. We will write a custom essay on The Drastic Changes of Vietnamese Music specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He almost all day repeat the chorus of those sad songs Maybe unexpectedly, one day suddenly we will be apart/ Who will stand in the rain singing for me? or Love, please let me love Just once, give me a cry to remember, so I could feel the pain and happiness. . As the audience starts to pay more attention to singers appearances than their real voices, most current popular Vietnamese singers seem to focus too much on their outfits, therefore, forget to improve and practice their voices for better vocal quality. Recently, V-Pop has a growing number of cases in which singers lip-synch and dress offensively on stage. Train Truing, a friend of mine who works at a recording studio, shared that there were many singers who came to the studio and got help a lot from sounds technology to fix their voices perfect, some of them even did not know how to process the songs themselves. Although V-Pop does have those singers who actually were trained and graduated from musical schools in Vietnam, some of them still cannot live well on stage. An interview from Quiz Do, a male singer that I know who is owing to a college of art and culture, showed that most of singers gradually lose their skills of live on stage, though they are still professional enough to record good songs and the reason for that was that they usually have to lip-synch due to request of the By youngness singers lacked confidence and experience whenever living on stage. The fact that current Vietnamese composers working for money more than their passion of music and arts makes most Vietnamese musical products nowadays being served for business purposes rather than artistic value. Young people today in Vietnam are supposed to give their aspiration to a new social community. Therefore, the composers today should have written those songs that give the rhythm into songs and that also meet the aspirations of modern soul of youth for younger generation. However, many young people are interested in and transmit to each other many songs lately which have low quality and even offensive content. Vine Tan Died, the New Musician Member, Society of Literature Art provincial, shared that current status of young people were affected by the current music market, poor quality in arms of content and artistic value. .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .postImageUrl , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:hover , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:visited , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:active { border:0!important; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:active , .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9964328412b1d012a42ebe89ab53c6eb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music + protests EssayHe said that the majority of todays youth songs were more about familiarly boring love stories, or meaningless dance floor melody. Many music productions today in Vietnam request their composers Just keep making those new songs that have easy understanding lyrics and nice melody without considering if their contents are meaningful or appropriate for the listeners, especially the young generation. Music affects humans consciousness, soul and action. Perhaps the genre of music has never flourished as strong as today in Vietnam.